Meteorological science has not yet come to grips with drought. The european 2015 drought from a hydrological perspective. Drought can be defined in terms of precipitation and temperatures, that is, meteorological and hydrological drought. Droughts pdf download types of droughts and factors. Coastal drought is unique in its effects on the salinity dynamics of creeks, rivers, and estuaries. For each week, the drought monitor labels areas of the country according to the intensity of any drought conditions present. Drought is a hazard that occurs everywhere in the world both in dry and in wet areas. Effects of meteorological droughts on agricultural water. The last deals with drought in terms of supply and demand, tracking the effects of water shortfall as it ripples through socioeconomic systems. In this study, the effective drought index edi calculated over daily timescales was utilized to quantify shortterm dry spells and ongoing drought events. Extreme drought in ethiopia stretches drought management systems ci m at e cera funded by background ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in subsaharan africa and one of the fastestgrowing economies. The distribution of water on the earths surface is not even. Definitions of meteorological drought must be considered as region specific since the atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation are highly variable from region to region.
Most locations around the world have their own meteorological definition of drought based on the climate expectations in the area. Meteorological drought meteorological sometimes referred to as climatological droughts are simply defined as a shortfall of precipitation, over a period of time. Drought impacts are a key indicator of vulnerability. Although hydrological drought and agricultural drought start. Drought is a normal part of virtually all climatic regions, including areas with high and low average rainfall. Meteorological drought indices are useful tools for indicating the number of amount of drought changes in different time scale. Meteorological department pmd took an initiative to establish national droughtenvironment monitoring and early warning centre ndmc in 200405 after. Twelve meteorological droughts were identified during the study period, eleven of which resulted in. These indicators are derived from direct meteorological and hydrological observations, from land surface models forced with observed atmospheric conditions, and. Agricultural drought occurs when soil moisture is depleted to the extent that crop and. This category of drought can develop quite suddenly and is usually the first economic sector to be affected by drought. Drought is the consequence of anticipated natural precipitation reduction over an extended period of time, usually a season or more in length. Sequence of drought occurrence and impacts for commonly accepted drought types.
In an african context this is typically a period of a year or more. Drought index palmer drought severity index and standardized precipitation index, precipitation, and streamgage data were used in the development of a drought climatology for delaware based on the period 1948 to 2005. Pdf observational records from 1950 onwards and climate projections for the 21st century. All droughts originate from a deficiency of precipitation or meteorological drought but other. Meteorological drought prediction in karoon watershed using. Meteorologicaldroughtfb897722020 adobe acrobat reader. In this study, be just focusing on the palmer meteorological drought index only because this has been already applied and. The world meteorological organization wmo is a specialized agency of the united. Drought is the most frequent extreme weather event. Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather related deficit in water supply. Risk assessment of meteorological drought in china under rcp. Droughts pdf download types of droughts and factors the term drought in simple words is the absence of water for a long period of time, at a place where it is considered abnormal as compared to its usual conditions.
Percent of normal is a simple method to detect drought. Pakistan meteorological department drought bulletin of. Dec 23, 2003 expired statement adopted by ams council on 23 december 2003 bull. The handbook of drought indicators and indices is an initiative of the integrated drought management programme idmp, and was developed by mark svoboda and brian fuchs of the. Objective, probabilistic and verifiable seasonal predictions. Hydrological droughts are distinguished by a reduction in water resources in reservoirs, lakes, rivers, underground aquifers and streams. Drought has a disturbing effect not only on agricultural productivity and hydrological resources but also on the natural vegetation, and hence it may accelerate desertification processes associated with destructive human activities overgrazing in semiarid pastureland areas of mongolia. Development of a demand sensitive drought index and its.
Meteorological drought american meteorological society. Handbook of drought indicators and indices drought. Drought adversely affects the already fragile food and agricultural situation and seriously impairs the rural economy and sociocultural structures. Defining drought 2 01 2 dr ou g ht b r o c h u r e 2 there are many ways that drought can be defined. Recent drought events australia 2009 heatwavedrought it was the hottest day on record in the midst of the longest heatwave on record with 2009 having the driest start to a year on record in a 12 year drought which has been our hottest, longest and driest on record. Meteorological drought depends on precipitation deficit and duration of period with.
Meteorological drought is the general lack of moisture in the weather such as lack of precipitation, and the play of other weather conditions such as dry winds, high temperatures and so on. Journal of environmental research and development vol. It can also be defined based on the impacts of the reduced precipitation on the economy and social aspects of the lives of people, that is agricultural and socioeconomic drought fao, 2004. Meteorological data environmental modeling community of.
About 70% of the rural households derive part of their livelihoods from agriculture and crop production is mainly based on rainfed farming. Some ways can be quantified, such as meteorological drought period of below normal precipitation or hydrologic drought period of below average runoff, others are more qualitative in nature shortage of water for a particular purpose. Expired statement adopted by ams council on 23 december 2003 bull. The dyk is a suite of notes that attempt to explain or clarify complex climate phenomena, climate monitoring products and methodologies, and climate system insights. The effects of meteorological droughts on agriculture in southern china were discussed in this section by analyzing drought events in each region from 1961 to 2010. The national drought mitigation center at the university of nebraskalincoln produces the u. Informing the general public about the 201216 drought. Drought monitor with assistance from many other climate and water experts at the federal, regional, state, and local levels. Drought and rangelands 3 figure 1 cumulative drought severity index meteorological drought compared over two time periods 19601986 and 198720 peters et al. The us drought monitor maps of july 20102015 show the droughts increasing severity. Meteorological drought is usually defined on the basis of the degree of dryness in comparison to some normal or average amount and the duration of the dry period. It is calculated by dividing actual precipitation by normal precipitation typically a 30year mean and multiplying it by 100% for. The adi, awrc, dei, dhr and my for total food crops were computed for each drought year and region. Risk assessment of meteorological drought in china under.
Drought is a creeping phenomenon with no universal definitiondefinitions are region and application impact specific. Effects of meteorological droughts on agriculture production. A software for calculating rainbased drought indices. In this paper, we analyze the hydrological footprint. Drought vocabulary graphical representation european drought. Pdf definitions and effects of droughts researchgate. Despite meteorological drought being a major concern in uganda, drought occurrence and severity is not been well documented. Therefore, it is essential that users can easily calculate these indices through software. Meteorological drought classification using normalized.
Meteorological drought is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness in comparison to some normal or average amount and the duration of the dry period. The term drought is generally used to refer to deficits in water supply, but it can also refer to meteorological precipitation, hydrological streamflow, or agricultural crop. It is often accompanied with abovenormal temperatures, and. Extreme drought in ethiopia stretches drought management systems. A general working definition of meteorological drought is a reduction in rainfall supply compared with a specified average condition over some specified period hulme, 1993. Meteorological, agricultural and hydrological drought are often represented in sense of. Drought is a complex natural hazard that impacts ecosystems and society in many ways. Some arid areas of africa suffered from sustained reduction of rainfall over several decades of the late twentieth century, and recurring droughts. Despite the controversy regarding drought changes in the last decades, increases in drought intensity are clearly identified in some areas and it is believed that although increased heating from global warming may not directly cause droughts, it is expected that. Long term meteorological drought index ped and spi. Links various categories of meteorological and hydrological drought to agricultural impacts, focusing primarily on soil water deficits and differences between actual and potential evapotranspiration situations with insufficient soil moisture level to meet the plant needs during growing season.
The american meteorological society recommends that appropriate institutions at the local, state, regional, federal, and international levels initiate or increase drought planning, drought preparedness, drought warning, and drought mitigation efforts. Contributions and comments came from the following in alphabetical order of family name. This kind of drought is associated with extreme heat. Definitions of meteorological drought must be considered as specific to a region since the atmospheric conditions that. Extreme drought in ethiopia stretches drought management. Click here to learn more about this dataset and zoom in to your area of interest. In this research by using variables such as air temperature and geopotential height in various layers of atmosphere, the relation between these variables in 31 years was. These indicators are derived from direct meteorological and hydrological observations, from land surface models forced with observed atmospheric conditions, and from an increasing number of satellitederived products, rang.
Rearrange individual pages or entire files in the desired order. The impact of drought on subsaharan african economies. World meteorological organization wmo and global water partnership gwp. Application of effective drought index for quantification of. Percent of normal is effective in single region or season. Many of these impacts are associated with hydrological drought drought in rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
Socioeconomic drought is based on the impact of drought conditions meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological drought on supply and demand of some economic goods. Database of past european meteorological drought events. Computation and interpretation of different drought indicators dr. About 60% of subsaharan africa ssa is said to be vulnerable to drought, with 30% of it being. The amount of the shortfall and the duration are specific to location or region. Many indices and indicators are available to assist in the quantitative assessment of drought severity. The rdit software application can perform and run the eight rainbased drought indices in a userfriendly tool. By lillian ntshwarisang department of meteorological. Contact us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Commonlyused drought indices characterize hydrological, agricultural, and meteorological conditions.
Since it is being posted so soon after acceptance, it has not yet been copyedited, formatted, or processed by ams publications. Dewfora methods for mapping drought vulnerability at different. Agricultural drought11 an agricultural drought is the impact of meteorological droughts and hydrological droughts on crop yields. Meteorological drought is the first drought stage detected. Droughts can be classified as meteorological, hydrologic, agricultural, and socioeconomic. The portable document format pdf redundantly pdf format is a file format developed by adobe in the 1990s to present. Zolotokrylin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss precipitation over the land mostly outside arid areas. The handbook of drought indicators and indices is an initiative of the integrated drought management programme idmp, and was developed by mark svoboda and brian fuchs of the national drought mitigation center at the university of nebraskalincoln.
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